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  • 中国足球改革四年回顾:红利初显但困惑仍存,未来发展路径探讨

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    新华社,北京,12月23日,标题:足部改革四周年:股息和混乱

    新华社记者

    2015年3月发布了“中国足球改革和发展的总体计划”(以下称为“计划”)。已发布了四年以上。改革的股息已经开始出现:越来越多的人在关心足球,足球人口的规模和结构,足球人口的规模和结构都得到了改善,所有职业足球管理水平都逐渐改善,诸如努力的建设以及诸如跨越的资金,既有投资又有资金,并始终投资,并始终如一地融入了大胆,并始终如一地进行了投资,现场的范围,现场的范围,现场的投资,现场,并始终如一地,现场的投资,现场,并始终如一地,并始终如一地融入了范围。破碎,专业联赛的重点已经达到了新的高位。但是与此同时,足球世界中的新旧之间仍然存在一些混乱:改革尚未按照“计划”的全面促进,在某种程度上,“多重管理”的现象存在,社会并未达成关于足球足球发展的概念和概念的共识,以及“国家政府系统和政府能力的现代化都没有得到很好的反思”。

    股息开始出现 - 管理和办公室的初始分离

    2016年2月,“足球管理中心”被废除了,中国足球协会与中国一般管理“脱在一起”,并成为社区中的合法人,并且“两个品牌和一组人”的组织结构成为了历史。长期以来,政府,社会和管理的不可分割性一直是足球协会因其管理而批评的慢性疾病。由“局外人和专家领导者”等产生的一系列问题已成为中国足球发展的障碍。在“脱钩”之后,中国足球协会的管理系统最初被弄清楚了。根据“计划”,它在行业计划,组织环境,人事就业,薪酬系统,外交访问,财务和市场发展方面具有自治权,并有望稳步发展专业,专业和国际管理模式。

    当地足球协会的改革已经开始,广州足球协会的回应领先。中国足球协会改善了成员协会系统的建设,指导和促进当地足球协会“调整改革和加强组织”,实施“突破计划”,并促进成员协会通过财务和政策支持来改善组织管理系统和业务发展系统。全面发挥典型的驾驶角色,并确定三个省和三个城市的江苏,郑安,四川,武汉,成都和达利安人作为足球全面改革的试点领域。当地的足球协会通过诸如电力调整,组织建设和资源整合等措施驱动了当地足球的发展。

    - 国家字体大小混合

    加强国家队的复合团队的建设,选择和招募出色的专业人才,以担任国家队培训主管,并形成高级的身体健康,科学研究,技术分析,医疗康复和其他团队,以提高专业培训保证。加强国家队的管理和风格,并指导国家队成员牢固建立争取国家荣誉的战斗精神。有力地发展女性足球,实施“奇异的玫瑰重新启动计划”,从七个方面增加对女性足球的支持:组织管理,国家队,青年训练,竞争,教练培训,激励措施和宣传和宣传和促进,建立女性足球的第三级联赛系统,并包括在2020年中国超级联赛俱乐部竞争中建立妇女足球的建设,以建立超级联赛俱乐部的社交努力,以建立超级联盟的足球努力,并建立了超级联赛的社会竞争力量,并建立了一项超级联赛的社交努力,并建立了一项超级联赛的社交努力,女子足球。女子足球队的发展环境和对球员的待遇得到了极大的改善。

    但是,中国国家队的比赛少得多,在世界杯前40场比赛中落后叙利亚排名第一的比赛。此外,Lippi教练突然辞职。尽管中国国家队有巨大的希望能进入前12名,但仍然存在隐藏的危险。国家奥运会队将明年迎来东京奥运会预选赛。分组情况不利,获得奥运资格的前景令人担忧。 U19国家青年队在25年后错过了亚洲青年冠军。女子国家队在2015年女子世界杯和2016年奥运会上进入了四分之一决赛,在2018年16年后再次进入亚洲运动会决赛,并进入了2019年女子世界杯的第16名半决赛,并且在即将推出的Olympic合伙人方面也面临着极大的困难。

    - 联盟的影响力得到增强

    从2016年1月10日开始,中国足球协会将不再批准俱乐部的跨境和市政转会。 “扎根”的俱乐部将有助于培养足球文化并为中国俱乐部建立“百年历史的商店”。

    实施金融公平的政策,例如招聘调整和俱乐部投资上限,球员工资上限和奖金上限,并严厉调查和惩罚“阳和阳合同”,以促进俱乐部的健康和可持续发展。

    中国超级联赛和中国联赛一号已经完全启动了视频助理裁判(VAR)并实施了专业裁判系统。

    联盟的影响力增加了。在2019赛季观看2019年中国超级联赛的人数为56.01亿,平均每场23,000人;海外广播涵盖了全球96个国家和地区。联盟的品牌价值创下了创纪录的纪录,而中国超级联赛媒体版权所有10年来售出了110亿元人民币。中国超级联赛在2018年赢得了亚足联的“最鼓舞人心的联赛奖”,今年首次赢得了亚足联宣布的亚洲联赛排名。

    - - Youth培训有所改善

    中国足球协会要求从2019年开始,中国超级联赛和中国联赛一俱乐部将建造至少五级U19,U17,U15,U15,U14和U13的梯队,而中国联赛的两个俱乐部将建立至少四级U17,U15,U14,U14和U13和U13和U13和U13和U13的梯队,并组建了一个年轻的年轻人, A series of policies such as the "165" Action Plan for the Construction of the Chinese Football Youth Training System" were issued, and a diversified reserve talent training system was established with the five major youth training systems of "vocational club youth training system, provincial sports bureau youth training system, municipal sports bureau youth training system, sports and education combined campus youth training system, and social club youth training system", accelerate the layout of domestic and international youth training centers, and build a football youth training具有“五个系统,两颗心和一场比赛”的系统。

    中国足球协会已经获得了社会足球品牌青年培训机构的认证(第一批154批),拥有近7,000个社会足球青年培训机构,在四年内增加了近三次。在捷克共和国,西班牙和比利时建立了三个国际青年培训中心,与省和城市合作(包括14个女子足球特别青年训练中心),已经建立了33个青年培训中心。青年超级联赛已经建立了一个地区,周末系统,家庭和客场比赛系统,并向社会和校园团队开放,成为年轻足球人才的重要平台,以发现和成长,培养和传播足球文化。

    中国足球协会执行成员Ma Mingyu预测:“从2009年开始,总体球员的总水平很高,人们可以看到希望。”

    教育部以及国家发展与改革委员会,财政部,新闻,出版物,广播,电影和电视,体育总局,共产主义青年联盟中央委员会,中国足球协会和其他部门建立了“国家青年校园足球领导小组”。 2015年7月,“教育部和其他6个部门对加速青年校园足球发展的实施意见”,将校园足球的发展视为培养道德和培养人的重要措施。到目前为止,已经从全国380,000所小学和中学中选出并认可了27,059所校园足球特征学校,实现了预先在“计划”中建立20,000所特征学校的目标,并建立了38个校园足球改革飞行员,建立了38个校园足球改革领域,建立了160名校园足球群落(地区),并在80岁的校园中被选中,并建立了“ 80岁”,并建立了“训练”,并建立了“并建立了”,并建立了“训练”,并建立了“训练”,并建立了“建立”,并建立了“并建立了”。招募。

    - “足球外交”已显示出结果

    2020山东鲁能球员号码_山东鲁能有史以来所有球员_山东鲁能历史足球队员

    中国足球协会已与法国,德国,比利时和捷克共和国在内的21个国家和地区签署了合作协议,并与FIFA,AFC和UEFA建立了合作关系。特别是,今年,它与FIFA签署了一份合作备忘录,并建立了一个联合工作组,以全面加深足球治理,技术发展,职业足球,竞争管理,裁判培训和其他领域的交流和合作。中国足球的国际声音一直在增加。在2017年和2019年,他们成功竞选了FIFA导演两次,成功竞标了2023年亚洲杯和2021俱乐部世界杯,为我国的足球改革与发展赢得了一个有利的国际环境。

    中国足球协会连续第二年获得了“基层足球激励协会”奖。 Wang Shuang于2018年当选为亚洲足球小姐。WuLei两次被选为亚洲足球运动员的入围名单,并在La Liga Espanyol表现良好。

    - - 场地继续增加

    截至2018年9月,全国各地的各个级别和类型的学校共有120,960个校园足球场所。根据国家发展与改革委员会和其他部门发布的“国家足球现场建设计划(2016-2020)的要求,将在第13五年的计划期间建造,翻新和扩展60,000个足球场,包括校园的40,000元人民币和社会上的20,000元人民币。目前,在校园内已新建造,翻新和扩展32,000个足球场,到2020年将增加2.545亿美元,这将超过50%。

    - - 在培养专业人才方面已经取得了新的成就

    中国足球协会为专业人才培训的系统和机制进行了创新,将C级和D级教练的培训委派给了各种会员协会,从而释放了当地足球协会的潜力,并扩大了教练培训的规模。加强对校园足球教练的训练,并为职业男女足球运动员举办教练培训课程。加强与FIFA,AFC和UEFA的技术合作,成为亚洲第二个获得专业教练认证资格的全国协会。截至2018年底,中国足球协会已经在各级培训了48,913名教练,其中包括专业水平的158次;各级裁判的数量也稳步增加。截至今年6月,有63,671名裁判,包括31名国际级别,在国家一级有329级。

    混乱仍然存在

    脚步改革释放了很多股息,但是新老式也出现了一些困惑或问题。许多受访者认为,改革尚未按照“计划”得到充分促进。

    ——DeadMinistrative不完整

    一位中国超级联赛投资者说:“在一段时间内,中国足球协会在改革之前更像是足球管理中心。包括U23和国家培训团队在内的政策实际上是由中国体育一般管理部门做出的直接决定。该程序是不随意的,太随意了,在专业水平上没有得到证明。”

    “中国足球协会需要循环和程序来决定事情。如果行政干预是直接的,人们会觉得足球市场动荡不安,混乱,这无法反映出在“计划”中绘制蓝图的想法。中国足球协会的内部人士说。

    中国超级联赛俱乐部的副总经理说,U23和外国援助政策在一个赛季中发生了多次变化,引起了俱乐部的困惑和负担。 “政策变化太快了,投资者根本不敢投资。”

    由国家男子足球训练团队训练营招募的球员放弃了联盟,并开始训练,包括军事训练和训练,但很长一段时间没有练习。这种封闭培训的影响引起了一些社会怀疑。

    在谈论如何将中国足球协会与运动后一般体育管理部门之间的关系定位时,中国足球协会董事长陈布尤恩说,第一件事是提高中国足球协会根据法律的治理能力。 “双方需要在整个足球战略中保持高度的一致性。中国足球协会应与一般足球事务和决策的一般体育管理完全沟通,并倾听其对国家体育战略的意见和建议。”

    - 专业联盟的操作模型仍然不同

    中国足球协会最近宣布,预计该职业联盟将在年底之前建立,但尚未确定其成立的消息。据了解,专业联盟的运营模型仍然存在差异 - 公司模型或“计划”中提到的公司实体模型。

    北部一家中国超级联赛俱乐部的高管说,如果根据公司模式运作,它必须具有完整的公司治理结构并确保投资者的利益。他希望在联盟建立后,它将为俱乐部带来更多好处,提高俱乐部的造血能力,并减少对投资者的依赖。建议明确分配职责和权力,这反映在足球协会的中国超级联赛球员到各个级别的国家队。

    当地的足球协会的人建议应确保政策稳定,否则联盟的商业价值将降低。在中国超级联赛中为国家队培养人才是一项重要的任务,但前提是它是一个健康而成熟的专业联盟,需要专业思考和方法。

    - - 需要加强体育和教育的整合

    几位受访者说,尽管中国足球协会和国家学校橄榄球办公室进行了一系列合作,但仍然存在竞争和人才的障碍,并且需要加强体育和教育的融合。

    (1)竞争障碍

    山东鲁能历史足球队员_2020山东鲁能球员号码_山东鲁能有史以来所有球员

    “我不怕公牛在训练中,但我害怕公牛参加比赛。体育与教育之间存在障碍,资格限制和时间冲突。”负责省级城市足球管理中心的负责人说。

    2019年3月,国家学校橄榄球办公室发布了法规:“未经国家学校橄榄球办公室批准未经批准的全国比赛就可以参加所有强制性教育学校。不受教育系统举办的比赛(不包括竞赛的竞赛,不包括一般体育管理局,中国橄榄球协会,中国橄榄球协会,学生体育足球协会和国家学校橄榄球办公室)必须提前宣布和宣布一年的批准,并仅适用于国家宣布和参与批准。

    国家学校橄榄球办公室的相关人员说,校园足球的精英运动员现在正在奔跑。小学和中学生被俱乐部撤出长期竞争,这违反了教育法。但是,许多专业的俱乐部领导者的观点相反:年轻球员非常需要高质量的游戏,而且这种限制不利于他们的训练和改进。

    也有不兼容的资格。根据中国超级联赛俱乐部的负责人,在U13-U15年龄段(强制性教育阶段)中,年轻球员都是专业俱乐部echelon的成员,也是普通学校的学生。中国足球协会规定,所有为梯队选出的年轻球员都必须在俱乐部注册。教育部门规定,对俱乐部注册参与者的资格有一定的限制,可以参加教育系统。

    “俱乐部的梯队在学校学习的许多孩子,但不能代表学校,而且学校无法在比赛中获得排名,这在与学校合作时对俱乐部产生了极大的抵抗。”中国超级联赛球队的领导人说。

    据了解,教育部门限制了竞争资格,因为俱乐部通常将梯队设置在一两个学校中,这比其他普通学校团队高得多。如果资格放松,它将影响其他学校的热情,并且将不利于整个地区校园足球的普及。但是,一些地区取消了一些限制,主要限制了整个专业俱乐部的梯队参加校园足球比赛。

    职业足球的消除率很高。一旦被淘汰,球员就希望返回校园,但由于注册问题而没有资格参加校园足球,并且无法通过足球专业知识上大学。这使许多父母对是否让孩子参加职业足球感到担忧。

    为了部分消除这种担忧,“关于第14届全国学生会足球比赛的初步比赛的法规”由教育部今年8月宣布的部分符合资格限制:对于在俱乐部注册的球员,他们可以在退出注册后一年注册比赛。申请高中小组的人不超过5个人,参加比赛的人不超过3个人;在初中小组中注册的人数没有限制,参加比赛的人不超过5人。

    即使您可以注册比赛,随后的研究仍然存在隐藏的担忧。在2019年高级运动员的2019年“入学手册”中,许多大学表示,他们不会接受参加(或注册)参加中国超级联赛,中国联赛第一,中国联赛第二,足总杯和上述活动的运动员的注册。

    开放向上渠道的努力不容忽视。自2018年以来,校园足球夏令营的省和国家最佳阵容与运动员水平有关。由于他们享受了这项政策,一群学生进入了福丹大学,智格大学和Xiamen大学等大学。

    (2)人才障碍

    一般而言,教育和体育部门分别负责足球的普及和改善,但界限开始变得模糊。

    2018年,全国学校橄榄球办公室选择并建立了“骑兵”训练营,以从县(地区)的学校中选拔出色的球员,并派出杰出的教练到学校,在周末和其他业余时间内组织培训和比赛,旨在使孩子们能够在不离开学校,家人和社会的情况下接受高等橄榄球培训。

    这种变化使一些基层教练感到困惑。中国足球协会在全国各地建立了33个青年训练中心,许多城市都设有青年训练中心和“明星”训练营。如何协调?

    由中国足球协会创建的“五合一”青年训练系统,其中包括专业俱乐部,校园足球以及省级和地区运动局,作为其中的三个,才能散发才能。足球协会的青年训练负责人说,这是为了使所有部门能够培养储备金,并避免过去的“一个团队征服世界”的情况。

    中国足球协会还规定,联盟各个级别的专业俱乐部将从U13岁年龄段建立梯队。在这方面,教育部门的许多人认为,让儿童参加职业体育太早违反了成长规则。根据2021年全国运动会的竞赛规则,U13年龄组将在足球比赛中首次设立。

    “五个系统的综合人才没有分发,俱乐部将建立U13梯队,省级体育局还将建立一个U13梯队来参加全国比赛。但是,年轻的球员仍处于强制性教育阶段,并且教育部门不愿放手。”中国超级联赛俱乐部的副总经理说。

    “学生都在学校里,但是专业的培训和安全部门都在体育系统中。体育部认为,教育部门正在盲目改善,而教育部认为体育部正在干预校园足球。”一个高级橄榄球人说。

    为了促进人才的流通,自2019年初以来,全国学校橄榄球办公室与专业俱乐部合作,并签署了与Shenhua和R&F共同建立“ Mantianxing”训练营的协议。

    根据协议,俱乐部将在训练营下的校园足球专业学校的培训,比赛和培训中投入技术实力和资源;在周末或假期,选择管辖区的高级学生运动员在青年培训中心或俱乐部基地进行培训;俱乐部无需离开学校系统和校园足球注册系统,可以优先选择该地区的材料。

    国立橄榄球办公室主任王·邓凡(Wang Dengfeng)表示,合作的潜力已被揭示。 “最近,Shenhua俱乐部青年训练的主任介绍了我:他们组织了校园足球比赛,以选择预备队的比赛,并发现越来越多的杰出的后备才能出现在Pudong New地区。他们对过去的选举并不满意,但现在他们必须超越他们。有太多的好幼虫来进入他的echelon。”

    他说,与传统想法不同,“骑兵”的训练营将高级教练派往各个地方,每个人都负责在某个地区选择和培训杰出的储备才能。 “如果孩子最终成为一名出色的运动员,那很好,但是他们中的大多数人仍然必须重返国家教育系统。到目前为止,教育部还将帮助体育部解决杰出退休运动员的安置。为什么?在原始系统下,在原始系统中,在运动员中获得其他知识,运动员中的其他知识受到了极大的影响。因此,我们需要改变思维。”我们需要改变我们的思维。””

    陈布尤恩说,足球协会应该对教育部门更开放,并支持校园足球的发展。王·邓凡(Wang Dengfeng)表示,“骑枪”的训练营将以公开而包容的态度与足球协会,俱乐部和社会机构的合作。

    国立橄榄球协会与中国足球协会讨论了综合竞争系统,并讨论了竞争日历。双方共同举行了两个青年超级联赛和第二个女子联赛。

    武汉各级校园足球比赛的规则由市政足球协会制定。武汉的所有小学和中学球员均在市政足球协会注册;武汉Zall俱乐部和Wuchang地区教育局进行了深入的合作,以建立一个团队;武汉体育局和教育局合作,为杰出的球员开放了一个从中学到大学学习的渠道。

    中国足球协会执行成员,武汉足球协会秘书长富代说:“只有资源共享才能最大化。”

    希丹县,山西省和县橄榄球协会的学校橄榄球办公室是“两个品牌和一组人员”,这使得橄榄球领域的希丹县体育和教育部之间的合作更加顺利。

    中国足球协会执行成员马明尤(Ma Mingyu)表示,校园足球的普及取得了分阶段的进步,下一个重点应该放在改善上。但是,在学校很难实现精英培训所需的培训和专业资源。专业人士应该做专业的事情,并改善校园足球与职业足球之间的联系。

    当地足球协会改革停滞不前

    在采访中,记者发现,当地足球协会的机构改革通常停滞不前,两个主要抵抗力是“担心没有资源”,“本身缺乏造血能力”。

    “当地足球协会的职能是举办本地比赛,专业的人事培训和专业俱乐部家庭活动,这需要政府支持。承担利润和损失和独立运营听起来不错,但是当地足球协会可以赚钱多少资源?年轻的足球培训可以赚钱,竞赛无法收取竞赛,并且注册不得不付费。要通过对法官和教练的指向来赚钱。赚钱。”副城市足球管理中心主任说。

    据了解,一些当地足球协会的市场发展主要依赖于政府的服务采购,但是当地的财务状况也很紧张。当地足球协会是否具有造血功能的迹象之一在于他们是否具有自己的基础。如果您有基地,则可以接受培训和组织比赛。

    但是,解耦后基地的所有权仍然不确定。 “当地足球协会的基础是国有资产,并在当地足球管理中心设置。尚未指定足球改革计划,这涉及法律规定的各个方面。如果在退化后将基础授予足球协会,那么如何解决国有资产的损失?”来自当地足球协会的人说。

    基层足球协会的不完善系统是缺乏省足球协会造血能力的另一个重要原因。当前系统是倒金字塔。中国足球协会非常强大,并且向下削弱。大多数县和地区没有足球协会。甚至政策也无法提升,更不用说服务了吗?行业内部人士建议市政和县级足球协会做得好,城市足球有一个起点,省级足球协会协调了。

    一位负责中国足球协会的相关人员说,在过去的两年中,中国足球协会放缓了当地足球协会将其解散和提倡“调整,改革和加强组织”的要求。但是,这种“放缓”导致了一些当地足球协会感到尴尬,因为据报道,当地足球协会的改革计划需要废除足球管理中心和足球协会的实体,并且人员配备办公室废除了人员配备,并且已“卡住”。该机构消失了,但是由于尚未完全解耦,因此必须根据公共机构的要求实施当地足球协会的所有法规。

    “根据当前的法规,即使您有钱,也无法支付额外的工资。越来越多的事情。很明显,员工的热情很难动员起来,这阻碍了进一步的发展。建议符合条件的当地足球协会变得成熟并解散了一个。”当地足球协会的一个人说。

    Qiao Weiguang, chairman of Qingdao Zhongneng Group, who has been engaged in football for 15 years, believes that local football associations should liberate their minds and cannot "wait and rely on others". They should fully tap their own potential and firmly follow the market-oriented path, otherwise they will never be able to "break the ice".

    Many local football associations have made active attempts. Lin Feng, Secretary-General of Jiangsu Football Association, said that the most important thing is to change from administrative thinking to service thinking. They have absorbed a group of corporate members at a designated location. After paying membership fees, corporate members can enjoy services such as halving the Football Association event service fee, priority registration for training classes, and targeted training classes.

    In order to promote the construction of grassroots member associations, the Jiangsu Football Association has established a performance appraisal system, and scored major items such as infrastructure, personnel composition, and publicity. The funds for football reform pilot areas given by the Chinese Football Association are ranked to the municipal, county and district associations.

    All the 23 counties (cities) and districts under Chengdu have established Football Associations and have become member units of Chengdu Football Association. Gu Jianming, executive member of the Chinese Football Association and chairman of the Chengdu Football Association, said that we must mobilize the strength of the majority of football enthusiasts. "The Municipal Football Association and the District and County Education and Sports Bureaus take the lead and organize a group of football-loving volunteers to do it. As long as they are guided properly, they are very enthusiastic and will soon build the organizational system." He said that the Chengdu Football Association organized 20,367 games in 2018, which is largely dependent on the county and district member associations.

    Football Associations in many places realize the importance of building an information service platform. Ma Junming, Secretary-General of Shandong Football Association, said that the information-based comprehensive service platform created by Shandong concentrates the originally scattered events and training, player registration, information release, data management and other services.

    "It is best to promote the information platform from the Chinese Football Association to connect with existing platforms in various provinces to connect the national resources," said Lin Feng.

    山东鲁能有史以来所有球员_山东鲁能历史足球队员_2020山东鲁能球员号码

    Five major problems plaguing the development of youth training

    (1) Grassroots youth training without coaches

    According to statistics from the Chinese Football Association, in the past four years, the number of B, C and D level coach training students with teenagers as the main service targets has increased by nearly 38,000. However, the head of the Technical Department of the Football Association said that due to the weak foundation and the historical debts are too large, it still cannot meet the rapidly growing coaching needs of campus football, social football and professional club echelons.

    According to reports, the shortage of grassroots coaches is particularly reflected in campus football. Football teachers with both coach certificates and teacher qualification certificates are very scarce.

    "There are very few coaches who have a certain background in football, have been to college, and understand education." The head of Wuhan Xinhedao Primary School, a football specialty school, said, "Good players who go to college basically do not know how to learn sports, and there are very few who are willing to be grassroots football teachers after graduation."

    A coach from a special football school in Chongqing meets the above standards. He admitted that it is difficult to retain grassroots campus football with more tasks and less treatment.

    "We have to take physical education classes normally like other teachers, lead training after school, play competitions on weekends, and compete in winter and summer vacations, and basically all year round. But the salary is basically no different from that of ordinary physical education teachers." The coach said.

    "Teachers who are currently working on this issue will violate the rules if they pay an extra penny, and it is difficult for the school to handle it. They can't think of a good incentive mechanism." said the heads of many schools.

    (2) Social training that is difficult to supervise

    Many schools work with social youth training institutions through purchasing services. According to statistics from the Chinese Football Association, in the past four years, the number of various social football youth training institutions nationwide has increased by 4,968. During this period, negative news such as hiring leave foreign coaches and false propaganda were also revealed one after another.

    Why is it difficult to regulate the social football youth training market? A local Football Association head said that opening a training institution does not require qualification approval from the sports authorities, and the Football Association has little actual binding force on social youth training institutions.

    The head of a social youth training institution in Beijing said that the market supervision departments are really binding, but they do not have professional review capabilities.

    In order to standardize social youth training, the Chinese Football Association began to carry out national social brand youth training institutions certification work in 2018. As of May 2019, there were 6,951 social football youth training institutions nationwide, and 816 registered in the Chinese Football Association application system.

    (3) Youth training industry that is difficult to make money

    In recent years, Wuhan Shangwen Group's Wuhan Three Towns Club and Wuhan Football Association have jointly built a municipal echelon of age 02-11. Some are trained by foreign teachers in Wuhan, and some are sent to Spain for long-term training. The scale of training in China exceeds 600 people, and more than 110 people abroad, with an annual investment of over 100 million yuan.

    Liu Liangbin, chairman of the group, did some calculations: "There are 40 children in one age group, and 3 to 4 of them can play in the Chinese Super League, which is a very high success rate. Now the domestic player transfer fee limit is 20 million, and it is only 80 million at most. In fact, it is very high to have 50% of the profit."

    The chairman of a Chinese Super League club believes that price limits for domestic players are conducive to curbing market bubbles, but it also hits the enthusiasm for youth training to a certain extent.

    Many industry insiders said that the broker system that has not yet been perfected has greatly harmed the youth training industry. According to the regulations of the Chinese Football Association, players cannot sign professional contracts with the club before the age of 18, and can only sign training agreements.

    "Maybe I have been nurturing for ten years and I am almost a talented person. The agent gives parents money, 3 million or 5 million. The parents can't resist the temptation at all, so the children follow. There are not many ways to resist the loss of young talents at the club level." Liu Liangbin said, "I sent children to Spain for training and dare not let them show up in China. There must be systems to prevent agents from poaching."

    In January 2018, the "Implementation Opinions of the Chinese Football Association on Adjusting the Compensation Standard Management System for Young Players Transfer and Training" was issued, aiming to encourage and protect the enthusiasm of youth training institutions that have long been committed to youth player training.

    "Chinese Super League players compensate 500,000 yuan a year and 5 million yuan in 10 years, which is far from the losses (the players were poached)." said Liu Liangbin.

    The head of a training institution for a large youth training enterprise said that although the youth training compensation system plays a certain role, the difficulty of pursuing is still very difficult at present. "First, Yin-Yang contracts and false transfer fees still exist. Training institutions do not have official channels to check transfer fees, and the compensation amount is quite different from the actual situation. Second, some clubs ignore the youth training compensation claims of training institutions. Third, the punishment for malicious evasion of compensation is unclear."

    He suggested: "Firm with the international community as soon as possible, and then go through the transfer procedures after the compensation is completed. For those who fail to pay compensation in accordance with regulations or refuse to cooperate, specific punishment measures will be clarified as soon as possible. Severely crack down on Yin-Yang contracts and avoid high transfer fees."

    (4) Competition platform with faults

    High-quality competitions are an important foundation for improving youth football. The Chinese Football Association launched the Youth Super League in 2017, aiming to increase the number of youth competitions and improve the level of competition. However, in the past year, the Youth League has seen huge scores many times, attracting attention.

    According to the deputy general manager of a Chinese Super League club, this is related to the current situation of many low-level league club teams. "The Chinese Football Association requires the construction of a fifth-level team to participate in the Youth Super League. In order to access, many Chinese League One and Chinese League Two clubs randomly recruit some school teams to participate, or directly abstain from the right."

    A relevant person in charge of the Chinese Football Association said that in the past, small and medium-sized clubs did not set up echelons, and they could only be urged to complete echelon construction through hard leverage. Qingchao's improvement needs to be achieved step by step.

    At present, there are more competitions organized by various projects and different units, but there are still fewer high-quality competitions. Some top domestic youth training clubs can only spend money to play games in Japan and South Korea.

    In addition to the quality of the competition, Riccardo, director of the competition training of Real Madrid foreign coach team at Evergrande Football School, said that China's youth competitions lack in event organization and schedule. In Europe, the schedule comes out long before it is early. But in China, the game is about to begin and may not have won the schedule.

    Li Xueli, vice president of Luneng Football School, reflected on why the football school did not train top players? The conclusion is: There is a gap in player training from the age of 18 to the stage when entering the adult team. "Players leave the football school at the age of 18 and enter the first team. At this stage, they need to be under pressure, confrontation, and play high-level games. However, at this stage, players basically sit on the bench in the first team, and the quality of the reserve league is very low. There is no transition to high-quality games in the process of top talents."

    (5) The evaluation system to be changed

    UEFA A-level coach Chas Keira has taught Chinese grassroots coaches for four consecutive years. He doesn't understand why Chinese youth training coaches value grades so much. "The ultimate goal of youth training is not to lead the team to achieve results, but to cultivate excellent players. Youth training is phased, and it is easy to fall into misunderstandings based on results: wrong strength training, premature fixation of player positions, and age fraud."

    "Actually, we don't want this. The principal supports the development of campus football. Naturally, he hopes that the school will get a ranking. It is very stressful to be a coach." said a football coach at a grassroots school in Shanghai.

    "It is of course a good thing for leaders to pay attention to it, but leaders chase you every day to ask why they didn't win the championship. It's very annoying." said the head of campus football from a certain district education bureau in Wuhan.

    "Now the National Games football gold medals have increased, and the age echelon has become smaller. Local sports bureaus are under pressure to achieve results, and some measures may help grow." said the head of a local football association.

    In 2017, the head of Liverpool Club's youth training told reporters that they do not value leading the team results, but track player growth through long-term mechanisms to evaluate the coach's work performance. "We evaluate the work performance of the youth training coach to see whether the players he coach can play for professional and national teams in the future, rather than whether he won the U16 national championship. Only in this way can the coach focus on the long-term development of the players."

    Many domestic youth training practitioners are also aware of this problem. Luneng Football School is establishing a new evaluation mechanism to evaluate the physical, technical and psychological growth of players by introducing big data equipment. Under the new mechanism, coaches' performance evaluation no longer depends on performance, but pay more attention to player growth.

    Industry insiders said that not only coach performance, but also the standards for evaluating school performance, but also the performance standards of sports and education departments must be changed. (Written reporters: Gong Bing, Xiao Shiyao; Participating reporters: Xue Jianying, Wang Hengzhi, Wang Yong, Cai Yongjun, Wu Shuguang, Zou Le, Wang Haoyu, Zhang Zewei, Li Jinfeng, Wang Haoming, Ma Kai, Li Hualiang, Zhu Hong, Liu Jinhui)

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